China has had institutions dedicated to fine arts since the Han Dynasty, established within the imperial court. After the turmoil at the end of the Tang Dynasty, Meng Chang of the Later Shu founded the Hanlin Academy of Painting of Western Shu in 935 AD, the first painting academy in Chinese history, which managed court painting affairs.
When Emperor Huizong (named Zhao Ji) in Song Dynasty came to power, he not only established the world’s first royal art academy but also took an active role in selecting and training talented artists. In 1104, he formally recognized painting as an independent discipline and sought out the best painters from across the country.
Zhao Ji often set examination topics for art candidates himself, using ancient poetry as inspiration to evaluate the artistic depth of their works, as well as their knowledge of various subjects.
Selected candidates underwent structured training in both art theory and practical skills. Upon graduation, their overall performance determined their official titles.
The Song Dynasty established a systematic and effective traditional art education system, which nurtured many outstanding painters and led to the creation of numerous theoretical works and artistic masterpieces.